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PLEASE REMOVE --> <div class=Section1> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span style='font-family:Verdana;color:navy'>On the <span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>vedic</span></span> <span class=SpellE>anusvAra</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:Verdana;color:navy'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:Verdana;color:navy'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Verdana;color:navy'>The <span class=SpellE>shaunaka</span>, <span class=SpellE>mAnDukya</span>, <span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>pANini</span></span> and other authorities have declared that the <span class=SpellE>anusvAra</span> 'M' in its original state is a voiced sound involving only the <span class=SpellE>nAsika</span> and no other oral articulation </span><span style='font-family:Verdana;color:maroon'>(e.g. <span class=SpellE><i>anusvAra</i></span><i> <span class=SpellE>yamAnAM</span> cha <span class=SpellE>nAsikA</span> <span class=SpellE>sthAnaM</span> <span class=SpellE>uchyate</span></i>).</span><span style='font-family:Verdana; color:navy'> This differentiates it from the other <span class=SpellE>anunAsikas</span> such as 'ma', '<span class=SpellE>na</span>' Na, '~<span class=SpellE>na</span>', '~Na' which are sounds with specific oral articulations that are tinged with passage of air through the nasal cavity. In the pure <span class=SpellE>anusvAra</span> the mouth is kept naturally closed without forming any particular articulation and the air is allowed to pass, superficial contacting the oral cavity into the nasal cavity. However, it does not pass into the oral cavity to resonate within it. In English this approximated by the sound value of 'n' in <b>saint</b>. In practical <span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>vedic</span></span> recitation there are certain complexities in the actual sound values taken.<br> <br> <br> Typically the terminal <span class=SpellE>anunAsikas</span> such 'm' in <span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>rudra</span></span><span class=GramE>(</span>m) 'n' in <span class=SpellE>ud</span> <span class=SpellE>va</span>(n)<span class=SpellE>danam</span> are consonants and pronounced as such. In the below discussion the <span class=SpellE>anusvAras</span> are bracketed by {}. The <span class=SpellE>R^igveda</span> (<span class=SpellE>shAkalya</span>) and <span class=SpellE>atharvaveda</span> (<span class=SpellE>shaunaka</span> and <span class=SpellE>paippalAda</span>) the pure <span class=SpellE>anusvAras</span> are encountered in two contexts<span class=GramE>:</span><br> 1) The first is denoted by the <span class=SpellE>chandra-bindu</span> notation in <span class=SpellE>Devanagari</span> scripts. E.g. &quot;<span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>mahA</span></span><span class=GramE>{</span>n} <span class=SpellE>indro</span> <span class=SpellE>ya</span> <span class=SpellE>ojasA</span>&quot;. The {n} is uttered as a pure <span class=SpellE>anusvAra</span> described above and cause the vowel preceding it to extend an extra <span class=SpellE>matra</span>.<br> <br> 2) The M coming before the consonants '<span class=SpellE>ghn</span>' or 'GY'. e.g.1 &quot;<span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>nakiShTa</span></span><span class=GramE>{</span>M} <span class=SpellE>ghnanty</span> <span class=SpellE>antito</span> <span class=SpellE>na</span> <span class=SpellE>durAd</span>&quot;. e.g. 2 <span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>sa</span></span><span class=GramE>{</span>M}<span class=SpellE>GYAnena</span><br> <br> These <span class=SpellE>anusvAras</span> are technically termed the <span class=SpellE>shuddhAnusvAras</span>.<br> <br> The <span class=SpellE>gAnaM</span>-s of the <span class=SpellE>sAmaveda</span> may render these as musical reduplicated nasal sounds.<br> <br> In the <span class=SpellE>yajurveda</span> the system is more complex with the presence of multiple <span class=SpellE>anusvAras</span> including the GM sound<span class=GramE>:</span><br> 1) The simple <span class=SpellE>shuddhAnusvAra</span> occurs in the <span class=SpellE>yajurveda</span> only when a '<span class=SpellE>ghn</span>' or 'GY' occurs after it. <span class=SpellE>E.g</span>: &quot;<span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>ima</span></span><span class=GramE>{</span>M} <span class=SpellE>ghnanti</span>&quot; or &quot;<span class=SpellE>sa</span>{M}<span class=SpellE>GYAnaM</span>&quot;. It is pronounced as a purely nasal sound as described above.<br> 2) If a terminal <span class=SpellE>anunAsika</span> occurs before a '<span class=SpellE>ra</span>', '<span class=SpellE>sha</span>', '<span class=SpellE>Sha</span>', '<span class=SpellE>sa</span>' and 'ha' OR if it is an <span class=SpellE>anusvAra</span> indicated in the <span class=SpellE>R^ik</span>-s by a <span class=SpellE>chandrabindu</span> <span class=SpellE>occuring</span> before a naked vowel, then it transforms into a GM.<br> E.g. (Clause 1) <span class=SpellE>vivaya</span>{M} <span class=SpellE>ruhema</span>=&gt;<span class=SpellE>vivaya</span>{GM} <span class=SpellE>ruhema</span>; <span class=SpellE>divaM</span> <span class=SpellE>dR^i</span>{M}ha=&gt; <span class=SpellE>divaM</span> <span class=SpellE>dR^i</span>{GM}ha; <span class=SpellE>prajayA</span> <span class=SpellE>sa</span>{M}<span class=SpellE>rarANo</span>=&gt; <span class=SpellE>prajayA</span> <span class=SpellE>sa</span>{GM}<span class=SpellE>rarANo</span><br> E.g. (Clause 2) <span class=SpellE>mahA</span>{n} <span class=SpellE>indro</span> <span class=SpellE>vajrabAhuH</span>=&gt; <span class=SpellE>mahA</span>{GM} <span class=SpellE>indro</span> <span class=SpellE>vajrabahuH</span><br> These are technically known as <span class=SpellE>AgamAnusvAras</span>.<br> <br> 3) If the terminal <span class=SpellE>anunAsika</span> is preceded by a long vowel and it occurs before a consonant <span class=SpellE>sh</span>, <span class=SpellE>Sh</span>, s, h, then instead of a GM it becomes a mere G with out the 'M' sound.<br> e.g. <span class=SpellE>tapU</span>{M} Shy <span class=SpellE>agne</span>=&gt; <span class=SpellE>tapU</span>{G} Shy <span class=SpellE>agne</span>; <span class=SpellE>jyotI</span>{M}Shi <span class=SpellE>archaH</span> =(<span class=SpellE>sandhi</span> rule)=&gt; <span class=SpellE>jyotI</span>{M}Shy <span class=SpellE>archaH</span> =(<span class=SpellE>anusvAra</span> rule)=&gt; <span class=SpellE>jyotI</span>{G}Shy <span class=SpellE>archaH</span><br> This is known as the <span class=SpellE>lupta</span> <span class=SpellE>AgamAnusvAra</span>.<br> <br> 4) If the terminal <span class=SpellE>anunAsika</span> is preceded by a short vowel (a, <span class=SpellE>i</span>, u) and it occurs before a consonant <span class=SpellE>sh</span>, <span class=SpellE>Sh</span>, s, h, then instead of a GM it becomes a re-duplicated GG with out the 'M' sound.<br> e.g. <span class=SpellE>pu</span>{M}<span class=SpellE>schali</span>=&gt; <span class=SpellE>pu</span>{GG}<span class=SpellE>shchali</span>; <span class=SpellE>tva</span>{M} hi <span class=SpellE>agne</span> =(<span class=SpellE>sandhi</span> rule)=&gt; <span class=SpellE>tva</span>{M} <span class=SpellE>hyagne</span> =( <span class=SpellE>anusvAra</span> rule)=&gt; <span class=SpellE>tva</span>{GG} <span class=SpellE>hyagne</span>; <span class=SpellE>indraM</span> <span class=SpellE>svasti</span> =&gt; <span class=SpellE>indraGG</span> <span class=SpellE>svasti</span>.<br> This is known as the <span class=SpellE>dvirbhUta</span> <span class=SpellE>lupta</span> <span class=SpellE>AgamAnusvAra</span>. The above three GM, G and GG <span class=SpellE>anusvAras</span> occur in the specified fashion in the <span class=SpellE>taittirIya</span>, <span class=SpellE>maitrAyaNa</span>, <span class=SpellE>kaTha</span>, <span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>charaka</span></span> and <span class=SpellE>mAdhyaMdina</span> <span class=SpellE>saMhitA</span>-s of the <span class=SpellE>yajurveda</span>. The <span class=SpellE>kANva</span> <span class=SpellE>saMhitA</span> converts all <span class=SpellE>AgaMAnusvAras</span> to G or GG.<br> <br> 5) There are special <span class=SpellE>anusvAras</span> indicated by the number '3'. In this case the long vowel <span class=SpellE>preceeding</span> <span class=GramE>them</span> are drawn out to musically to 3 <span class=SpellE>mAtras</span>. These are on rare occasions also encountered in the <span class=SpellE>R^igveda</span> (e.g. <span class=SpellE>i</span> n the <span class=SpellE>AraNyAni</span> <span class=SpellE>sUktaM</span> and <span class=SpellE>nAsadIya</span> <span class=SpellE>sUktaM</span>) and the <span class=SpellE>atharva</span> <span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>veda</span></span>. In the <span class=SpellE>yajur</span> <span class=SpellE><span class=GramE>veda</span></span> one of the famous occurrences of this <span class=SpellE>anusvAra</span> in the <span class=SpellE>brahmAn</span> formula to <span class=SpellE>mitra-varuNa</span> and <span class=SpellE>indra</span> (1.8.16).<br> e.g. (from the <span class=SpellE>brahmAn</span> chant): <span class=GramE>sushlokA3{</span>n} suma~NgalA3{n} satyarAjA3{n}<br> Note the special '3' <span class=SpellE>anusvAra</span> symbol <span class=SpellE>superceding</span> all other rules. This is the <span class=SpellE>samAyata</span> <span class=SpellE>anusvAra</span>.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> </div> </body> </html> <!-- text below generated by server. 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