\documentstyle{article} \input idevn.tex % TeX macros that ease ITRANS devanagari font usage %----- % ITRANS song book....prepend this header to print out songs, % using TeX (either Devnac or Devnag font) % >>>>>>>> Need ITRANS 4.0 <<<<<<<<< %----- % User Configuration Option -- One column or Two column output. \def\maketwocolumn{YES} % Uncomment this for 2-column printing %\def\makelandscape{YES} % Uncomment this for landscape format %\pagestyle{empty} %\def\eatnum#1{} % empty operator %\newcommand{\SCOUNT}{\stepcounter{scounter}\arabic{scounter}} %\newcounter{scounter} %\newcommand{\BCOUNT}{\stepcounter{bcounter}\arabic{bcounter}} %\newcounter{bcounter} %\newcommand{\CCOUNT}{\stepcounter{ccounter}\arabic{ccounter}} %\newcounter{ccounter} %\newcommand{\resetCCOUNT}{\setcounter{ccounter}{0}} \newcommand{\addline}{\medskip\hrule\medskip} %\newcommand{\separate}{\medskip\hrule\medskip\setcounter{scounter}{0}} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % Edit this if needed, default should be ok for most users. \ifx\undefined\maketwocolumn % --- One column output % \let\usedvng=\LARGEdvng % 17pt devanagari font \let\usedvng=\normaldvng % 10pt devanagri font \let\smallcmr=\eightrm \let\titlefont=\tenrm \else % --- Two column output \let\usedvng=\normaldvng % 10pt devanagri font \let\smallcmr=\sixrm \let\titlefont=\eightrm \fi % font options (normaldvng, largedvng, etc): % sizes: normal < large < Large < LARGE < huge < Huge %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % if needed, redefine "space" to allow each input line to be broken into % multiple output lines (\let =~ is the default, which enforces line rule) % That has to done in the idevn.tex file, or add this command after % \startsong in your input file: % {\global\let =\ }% Comment this out for: 1 input line --> 1 output line % (you cannot uncomment the command here, it has to appear after \startsong) %----- % Uncomment one of the following paragraphs: % First one is for Frans Velthuis's font. % Second one uses the font that is bundled with the ITRANS package. % ONLY one of these should be uncommented at any one time............. % ** Frans's font....(Metafont) (Uncomment the following TWO lines.) #indianifm=dvng.ifm % ITRANS command #indianfont=\fransdvng %-----OR-------- % ** Devnac font (PostScript) (Uncomment the following TWO lines.) % #indianifm=dvnc.ifm % ITRANS command % #indianfont=\postdvng #useshortmarkers % this allows use of ## (beginindian) and ## (endindian) % ----------------------------------------------------------------- % Page Settings \ifx\undefined\makelandscape % Use Portrait Size Page \portraitpage % use a slightly wider page \addtolength{\textwidth}{0.25in} \else % Use Landscape Size Page \landscapepage \fi % ----------------------------------------------------------------- % The idevn.tex file is now included with ITRANS 4.0, but it has % a new method of specifying the songtitle (using printtitle). % For backward compatibility, need to define songtitle. \def\songtitle#1#2#3#4{% \film{#1}\singer{#2}\lyrics{#3}\music{#4}\printtitle} % ----------------------------------------------------------------- \font\titled=dvng10 scaled\magstep1 \raggedright % since the words are long, this reduces the long % gaps that appear when TeX justifies the lines. %\parskip 3 pt % to slightly increase the space between the shlokas. \parindent 0pt \begin{document} % from startsong command: \def\-{{\englfont -}}% \def\.{{\englfont .}}% \def\,{{\englfont ,}}% \usedvng % use whatever font the user wants...default normaldvng \englfont % usedvng makes default font indian, restore english font % end from startsong command % \ifx\undefined\maketwocolumn \relax \else % \twocolumn[\centerline{##\titled shabdavibhaktii pratyaya $-$ ## Nouns and Verbs}\bigskip] \fi %\hrule height0.4pt % ----------------------- End of ishdr.itx ------------------------ %\obeylines #indian ## %From: ksn2@Lehigh.EDU (Kedar Naphade) \centerline{## \titled shabdavibhaktirUpANi $-$ ## {\Large \bf Nouns and Pronouns in Sanskrit}} \bigskip \centerline{Contributors} \medskip \centerline{Kedar S. Naphade, Narhari Acharya, Dhruba Chakravarti, Avinash Sathaye \footnote{Send corrections to sohum@ms.uky.edu }} \bigskip \leftline{\large \bf Introduction\footnote{Please see the accompanying document A Primer to Sanskrit Grammar, grammarintro.itx/.ps for additional introduction.\\ \\ If you are interested in volunteering for other phases of this project or others such as Sanskrit-English dictionary, please send an email to sanskrit@cherful.com.}:} \bigskip This document is a word-form list. In sanskrit, barring some exceptions, all words with the same gender and ending syllable have identical forms. Hence if you want to know the forms of any word all you have to do is to locate its paradigm in this document, meaning a word with the same gender and the same ending syllable. Having said this, we should remember that we have supplied only the main paradigms here. There are exceptions and special words that may have to be learnt from advanced books. There are also tricky issues about what the ending syllable is, which may also require further learning. There is information about a project to generate these paradigms automatically. Check at the end of this document. \bigskip What are forms? In Sanskrit, the exact form in which any word appears in a sentence is governed by the role the word plays in it. This role is called a vibhakti. An explanation of vibhakti-s and their meanings is provided in the following table. \centerline{Explanation of the different vibhaktis :} \begin{table}[h] \begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|l|} \hline %\vspace{.1in} & ## vibhaktiH ## & Sanskrit case name & Case name & Meaning (usual) \\ \hline 1 & ## prathamA ## & prathamA & Nominative & performer/subject \\ \hline 2 & ## dvitIyA ## & dvitIyA & Accusative & object \\ \hline 3 & ## tR^itIyA ## & tR\^{}itIyA & Instrumental & instrument \\ \hline 4 & ## chaturthI ## & chaturthI & Dative & for whom the action is performed \\ \hline 5 & ## pa.nchamI ## & pa.nchamI & Ablative & from where the action is performed \\ \hline 6 & ## shhashhThI ## & shhashhThI & Possesive & denotes possesion \\ \hline 7 & ## saptamI ## & saptamI & Locative & location of the action, in, on, at, among \\ \hline 8 & ## sambodhanam.h ## & sambodhanam.h & Vocative & used to address someone \\ \hline \end{tabular} \vspace{.1in} \end{table} %The following table gives a list of the combinations of different syllabic %endings and genders(masculine : m, feminine : f, neuter : n) that exist %in sanskrit. %\begin{tabbing} %\ \ \ \ \= Word ending \hskip .4in \= possible \\ % \> \> genders \\ % \> ## a ## \> m, n \\ % \> ## A ## \> f \\ % \> ## i ## \> m, f, n \\ % \> ## I ## \> f \\ % \> ## u ## \> m, f, n \\ % \> ## U ## \> f \\ % \> ## an.h ## \> m \\ % \> ## in.h ## \> m, n \\ % \> ## R^i ## \> m, f, n \\ % \> ## at.h ## \> m, f, n \\ %\end{tabbing} There are special considerations in identifying endings. For example the word bhavat.h and the word marut.h both seem to end in a t.h and are masculine. But technically, bhavat.h ends in at.h and is formed from the root bhuu. This causes it to behave differently from marut.h. In some cases, words take on a differnt set of rules depending on the intended meaning and usage. For instance, vAri and shuchi both end in i and are neuter, but the latter is an adjective and takes optional forms in the dative, ablative and genetive which are derived as if it is masculine. Such exceptions shall be noted at the appropriate places in this document. \\ The point of this discussion is to warn the reader not to distrust a strange looking declension of a word immediately, most probably there is a rule for it! We also wish to point out that this is only a primer, not an exhaustive treatise! \\ What follows is a list of paradigms. Every paradigm is tabulated as an 8x3 table. The eight rows correspond to the eight vibhaktis mentioned in the table at the beginning of this document. The three coloumns correspond to singular, dual and plural forms. First a brief idea of how the declensions are formed. The suffixes for the eight vibhaktis are defined as follows: \begin{tabbing} \ \ \ \ \= Masc. Fem. \hskip .4in \= singular \= dual \= plural \\ \> Nom., Voc. \> ## s.h ## \> ## au ## \> ## as.h ##\\ \> Acc. \> ## am.h ## \> ## au ## \> ## as.h ##\\ \> Inst. \> ## aa ## \> ## bhyaam.h ## \> ## bhis.h ##\\ \> Dat. \> ## e ## \> ## bhyaam.h ## \> ## bhyas.h ##\\ \> Abl. \> ## as.h ## \> ## bhyaam.h ## \> ## bhyas.h ##\\ \> Gen. \> ## as.h ## \> ## os.h ## \> ## aam.h ##\\ \> Loc. \> ## i ## \> ## os.h ## \> ## su ##\\ \>Neu. \> singular \> dual \> plural\\ \>Nom., Acc. \> ## m.h ## \> ## ii ## \> ## i ## \\ \> Voc. \> - \> ##ii## \> ##i## \\ \> Rest as above \> \> \> \\ \end{tabbing} Given a word, these suffixes are joined to it, after some prescribed transformations to the word itself and then further rules of transformations and sandhi do their job. Since it is impractical to do all this processing to get each single word, it is customary to memorize paradigms, which is what we present next. \vfill \hfill {\Large Continued \.\.\.\.\.} \twocolumn[\centerline{## \titled shabdavibhaktipratyayaaH ## {\Large \bf Paradigms of Nouns}}\bigskip] \addline \bigskip Masculine words ending in ``a'' : deva(god), sUrya(sun), dIpaka(lamp) ... ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces devaH devau devAH devam.h devau devAn.h devena devAbhyAm.h devaiH devAya devAbhyAm.h devebhyaH devAt.h devAbhyAm.h devebhyaH devasya devayoH devAnAm.h deve devayoH deveshhu deva devau devAH } %End of \obeylines ## {\rm The ##n.h##\ to ##N.h##\ change : If ##n.h##\ occurs after any one of ##r, shh, R^i, R^I ##\ in one word and only vowels, anusvAra, guttarals (##kavarga## ) or palatals (##pavarga## ) intervene then the ##n.h##\ changes to ##N.h ## provided it is immediately followed by one of the vowels or one of ##y.h , v.h ## or anusvAra. Thus if ## deva ## is replaced by ## rAma ##, then we get ## rAmeNa ## in place of ## devena ##, however, ## rAmAn.h ## is just like ## devAn.h ##. The requirement of being in one word is strict and preverbs can cause this rule to be not invoked, since they are technically in a different word. It is impossible to cover all the fine issues here and the reader needs to study it further. The other change for ``rAma(##rAma##)'' is that the genetive plural is rAmANAm.h(##rAmANAm.h##) since the above rule applies. } % End of \rm \addline \bigskip Neuter words ending in ``a'' : vana(forest), jala(water), gR\^{}iha(house)... ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces vanam.h vane vanAni vanam.h vane vanAni vanena vanAbhyAm.h vanaiH vanAya vanAbhyAm.h vanebhyaH vanAt.h vanAbhyAm.h vanebhyaH vanasya vanayoH vanAnAm.h vane vanayoH vaneshhu vana vane vanAni } %End of \obeylines ## It is worth noting that the only difference in the above two paradigms is in nom/acc/voc cases. Also, note that there are no feminine words ending in ``a''. The word ##dAra## dAra meaning a woman is actually masculine and only in plural and it also has a feminine form as ##dArA##\ dArA. \addline \bigskip Feminine words ending in ``A'' : mAlA (garland), kavitA (poem), kathA(story). .. ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces mAlA mAle mAlAH mAlAm.h mAle mAlAH mAlayA mAlAbhyAm.h mAlAbhiH mAlAyai mAlAbhyAm.h mAlAbhyaH mAlAyAH mAlAbhyAm.h mAlAbhyaH mAlAyAH mAlayoH mAlAnAm.h mAlAyAm.h mAlayoH mAlAsu mAle mAle mAlAH } %End of \obeylines ## There are no neuter words with ending ``A'' and there are few masculine ones. We list one sample below. Be aware of the n.h to N.h transformation so that the form of ##ramA ##\ ramA in gen. plural is ##ramANAm.h ## ramANAm.h. Also, three special words ##ambA ## ambA, ##akkA ## akkA and ##allA ## allA have voc. singular form as ##amba ## amba, ##akka ## akka and ##alla ## alla. \addline \bigskip Masculine words ending in ``A'' : gopA(cowboy), vishvapA(protector of universe) ... ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces gopAH gopau gopAH gopAm.h gopau gopaH gopA gopAbhyAm.h gopAbhiH gope gopAbhyAm.h gopAbhyaH gopaH gopAbhyAm.h gopAbhyaH gopaH gopoH gopAm.h gopi gopoH gopAsu gopAH gopau gopAH } %End of \obeylines ## \addline \bigskip Masculine words ending in ``i'' : kavi(poet), ravi(sun) ... ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces kaviH kavI kavayaH kavim.h kavI kavIn.h kavinA kavibhyAm.h kavibhiH kavaye kavibhyAm.h kavibhyaH kaveH kavibhyAm.h kavibhyaH kaveH kavyoH kavInAm.h kavau kavyoH kavishhu kave kavI kavayaH } %End of \obeylines ## As above, note the n.h to N.h change if ##ravi ## replaces ##kavi ## in ins. singular and pos. plural. We will not repeat observation about this change further. The masculine word ##sakhi ## sakhi meaning friend is very irregular and behaves differently when appearing at the end of certain compounds. Also, ##pati ## pati meaning husband is irregular as well, but behaves normally when it appears at the end of compounds! \addline \bigskip Feminine words ending in ``i'' : mati(intelligence), shruti (hearing) ... ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces matiH matI matayaH matim.h matI matIH matyA matibhyAm.h matibhiH matyai / mataye matibhyAm.h matibhyaH matyAH / mateH matibhyAm.h matibhyaH matyAH / mateH matyoH matInAm.h matyAm.h /matau matyoH matishhu mate matI matayaH } %End of \obeylines ## \addline \bigskip Neuter words ending in ``i'' : vAri (water) ... ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces vAri vAriNI vArINi vAri vAriNI vArINi vAriNA vAribhyAm.h vAribhiH vAriNe vAribhyAm.h vAribhyaH vAriNaH vAribhyAm.h vAribhyaH vAriNaH vAriNoH vArINAm.h vAriNi vAriNoH vArishhu vAre / vAri vAriNI vArINi } %End of \obeylines ## As mentioned above, the word ##shuchi ## shuchi, when used as a neuter adjective meaning pure can take on optional forms in addition to the paradigm above. These are: ##shuchaye ## shuchaye in dat. singular, ##shucheH ## shucheH in abl./gen. singular and ##shuchyoH ## shuchyoH in gen./loc. dual. \addline \bigskip Masculine words ending in ``I'' : sudhI (intelligent) ... ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces sudhIH sudhiyau sudhiyaH sudhiyam.h sudhiyau sudhiyaH sudhiyA sudhIbhyAm.h sudhIbhiH sudhiye sudhIbhyAm.h sudhIbhyaH sudhiyaH sudhIbhyAm.h sudhIbhyaH sudhiyaH sudhiyoH sudhiyAm.h sudhiyi sudhiyoH sudhIshhu sudhIH sudhiyau sudhiyaH } %End of \obeylines ## \addline \bigskip Feminine words ending in ``I'' : nadI (river) ... ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces nadI nadyau nadyaH nadIm.h nadyau nadIH nadyA nadIbhyAm.h nadIbhiH nadyai nadIbhyAm.h nadIbhyaH nadyAH nadIbhyAm.h nadIbhyaH nadyAH nadyoH nadInAm.h nadyAm.h nadyoH nadIshhu nadi nadyau nadyaH } %End of \obeylines ## The word ##shrI ## shrI meaning the goddess of wealth has nom. singular as ##shrIH ## but is otherwise just as above. The list of such exceptional words is: ##avI tantrI tarI laxmI dhI hrI shrI ## \addline \bigskip Masculine words ending in u : bhAnu(sun), pashu(animal), taru(tree), hetu(cause) .. ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces bhAnuH bhAnU bhAnavaH bhAnum.h bhAnU bhAnUn.h bhAnunA bhAnubhyAm.h bhAnubhiH bhAnave bhAnubhyAm.h bhAnubhyaH bhAnoH bhAnubhyAm.h bhAnubhyaH bhAnoH bhAnvoH bhAnUnAm.h bhAnau bhAnvoH bhAnushhu bhAno bhAnU bhAnavaH } %End of \obeylines ## \addline \bigskip Feminine words ending in u : dhenu (cow), rajju (rope), tanu (body)..... ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces dhenuH dhenU dhenavaH dhenum.h dhenU dhenUH dhenvA dhenubhyAm.h dhenubhiH dhenvai / dhenave dhenubhyAm.h dhenubhyaH dhenvAH / dhenoH dhenubhyAm.h dhenubhyaH dhenvAH / dhenoH dhenvoH dhenUnAm.h dhenvAm.h / dhenau dhenvoH dhenushhu dheno dhenU dhenavaH } %End of \obeylines ## \addline \bigskip Neuter words ending in u, ambu (water), madhu (honey), vastu (thing)....... ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces ambu ambunI ambUni ambu ambunI ambUni ambunA ambubhyAm.h ambubhiH ambune ambubhyAm.h ambubhyaH ambunaH ambubhyAm.h ambubhyaH ambunaH ambunoH ambUnAm.h ambuni ambunoH ambushhu ambo / ambu ambunI ambUni } %End of \obeylines ## Adjectives ending in u and belonging to neuter gender take on additional optional forms as follows: The adjective guru meaning heavy optionally takes, ##gurave ## gurave in dat. singular, ##guroH ## guroH in abl. and gen. singular, ##gurvoH ## in gen. and loc. dual and ##gurau ## gurau in loc. singular. Note that these are similar to the masculine version! \addline \bigskip Masculine words ending in U , svayaMbhU (self-born) ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces svayaMbhUH svayaMbhuvau svayaMbhuvaH svayaMbhuvam.h svayaMbhuvau svayaMbhuvaH svayaMbhuvA svayaMbhUbhyAm.h svayaMbhUbhiH svayaMbhuve svayaMbhUbhyAm.h svayaMbhUbhyaH svayaMbhuvaH svayaMbhUbhyAm.h svayaMbhUbhyaH svayaMbhuvaH svayaMbhuvoH svayaMbhuvAm.h svayaMbhuvi svayaMbhuvoH svayaMbhUshhu svayaMbhuH svayaMbhuvau svayaMbhuvaH } %End of \obeylines ## There is another variant of this class, the word khalapU (purifier of the evil) which is similar except in the following cases: nom./acc./voc. dual ##khalapvau ##, nom./acc./voc. plural ##khalapvaH ## ins. singular ##khalapvA ##, dat. singular ##khalapve ##, abl./gen. singular ##khalapvaH ##, gen. loc. dual ##khalapvoH ## and loc. singular ##khalapvi ##. In short, the vowel U gets dropped in the khalapU forms, where it shortens to u in the svayaMbhU forms! \addline \bigskip %%% Feminine words ending in U , vadhU (bride), chamU (army)....... ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces vadhUH vadhvau vadhvaH vadhUm.h vadhvau vadhUH vadhvA vadhUbhyAm.h vadhUbhiH vadhve vadhUbhyAm.h vadhUbhyaH vadhvAH vadhUbhyAm.h vadhUbhyaH vadhvAH vadhvoH vadhUnAm.h vadhvAm.h vadhvoH vadhUshhu vadhu vadhvau vadhvaH } %End of \obeylines ## There is a variant of these too. The word bhU (earth) has similar properties, namely, its U shortens to u instead of dropping. It also has additional optional forms. So, we list it completely. ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces bhUH bhuvau bhuvaH bhuvam.h bhuvau bhuvaH bhuvA bhUbhyAm.h bhUbhiH bhuve / bhuvai bhUbhyAm.h bhUbhyaH bhuvAH /bhuvaH bhUbhyAm.h bhUbhyaH bhuvAH /bhuvaH bhuvoH bhuvAm.h /bhUnAm.h bhuvAm.h /bhuvi bhuvoH bhUshhu bhUH bhuvau bhuvaH } %End of \obeylines ## There are no neuter words with the ending U. \addline \bigskip Masculine words ending in ``R\^{}i'' : pitR\^{}i (father) ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces pitA pitarau pitaraH pitaram.h pitarau pitR^In pitrA pitR^ibhyAm.h pitR^ibhiH pitre pitR^ibhyAm.h pitR^ibhyaH pituH pitR^ibhyAm.h pitR^ibhyaH pituH pitroH pitR^iNAM pitari pitroH pitR^ishhu pitaH pitarau pitaraH } %End of \obeylines ## Note that the vocative singular is actually pitar and this can be important in sandhi forms. The word nR\^{}i (man) has an optional gen. plural ##nR^iNAm.h, nR^INAm.h ##, otherwise, it behaves just as above. Actually, the above word is typical of words expressing relations. Usual words ending in R\^{}i are declined differently, in nom./acc./voc. We give one sample netR\^{}i (leader): ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces netA netArau netAraH netAram.h netArau netR^In netrA netR^ibhyAm.h netR^ibhiH netre netR^ibhyAm.h netR^ibhyaH netuH netR^ibhyAm.h netR^ibhyaH netuH netroH netR^iNAM netari netroH netR^ishhu netaH netArau netAraH } %End of \obeylines ## \addline \bigskip Feminine words ending in ``R\^{}i'' : mAtR\^{}i (mother) These behave like pitR\^{}i except for the acc. plural. Thus it is ##mAtR^IH ## and not ##mAtR^In.h ##. \addline \bigskip Neuter words ending in ``R\^{}i'' are similar to netR\^{}i except there are optional forms and some changes. We give a sample kartR\^{}i (doer): ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces kartR^i kartR^iNI kartR^INi kartR^i kartR^iNI kartR^INi kartrA /kartR^iNA kartR^ibhyAm.h kartR^ibhiH kartre /kartR^iNe kartR^ibhyAm.h kartR^ibhyaH kartuH /kartR^iNaH kartR^ibhyAm.h kartR^ibhyaH kartuH /kartR^iNaH kartroH /kartR^iNoH kartR^iNAm.h kartari /kartR^iNi kartroH /kartR^iNoH kartR^ishhu kartR^i kartR^iNI kartR^INi } %End of \obeylines ## \addline \bigskip There are words ending in other vowels, but they are rare and exceptional. Some special ones to look up are rai m.f. (wealth), go m.f. (bull, cow), dyo f. (sky), nau f. (boat) etc. \addline \bigskip The nouns ending in consonants behave much more regularly. The rules are basically the sandhi rules in action. \addline \bigskip Masculine words ending in ``t.h'' : marut.h (wind), bhUbhR\^{}it.h (king), ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces marut.h marutau marutaH marutam.h marutau marutaH marutA marudbhyAm.h marudbhiH marute marudbhyAm.h marudbhyaH marutaH marudbhyAm.h marudbhyaH marutaH marutoH marutAm.h maruti marutoH marutsu marut.h marutau marutaH } %End of \obeylines ## \addline \bigskip Feminine words ending in ``t.h'' : vidyut.h(lightning), sarit.h (river)... All forms are similar to those of marut.h \addline \bigskip Neuter words ending in ``t.h'' : jagat.h (world), bhAsvat.h(shining).. The forms for nom./acc./voc. are: ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces jagat.h jagatI jaga.nti } %End of \obeylines ## All other forms are similar to marut.h. \addline \bigskip Masculine words ending in ``n.h'' : rAjan.h (king) ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces rAjA rAjAnau rAjAnaH rAjAnam.h rAjAnau rAGYaH rAGYA rAjabhyAm.h rAjabhiH rAGYe rAjabhyAm.h rAjabhyaH rAGYaH rAjabhyAm.h rAjabhyaH rAGYaH rAGYoH rAGYAm.h rAGYi /rAjani rAGYoH rAjasu rAjan.h rAjAnau rAjAnaH } %End of \obeylines ## \addline \bigskip Variant form of masculine words ending in ``n.h'' : Atman (soul) ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces AtmA AtmAnau AtmAnaH AtmAnam.h AtmAnau AtmanaH AtmanA AtmabhyAm.h AtmabhiH Atmane AtmabhyAm.h AtmabhyaH AtmanaH AtmabhyAm.h AtmabhyaH AtmanaH AtmanoH AtmanAm.h Atmani AtmanoH Atmasu Atman.h AtmAnau AtmAnaH } %End of \obeylines ## Similar words are brahman.h (creator) , yajvan.h (sacrificer) etc. There are other exceptional forms too, one being the triad shvan.h (dog), yuvan.h (youth) and maghavan.h (the king of the gods). These need to be learnt separately. \addline \bigskip Feminine words ending in ``n.h'' : sIman.h (border) ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces sImA sImAnau sImAnaH sImAnam.h sImAnau sImnaH sImnA sImabhyAm.h sImabhiH sImne sImabhyAm.h sImabhyaH sImnaH sImabhyAm.h sImabhyaH sImnaH sImnoH sImnAm.h sImani/sImni sImnoH sImasu sIman.h sImAnau sImAnaH } %End of \obeylines ## \addline \bigskip Neuter words ending in ``n.h'' : nAman (name) ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces nAma nAmnI /nAmanI nAmAni nAma nAmnI /nAmanI nAmAni nAmnA nAmabhyAm.h nAmabhiH nAmne nAmabhyAm.h nAmabhyaH nAmnaH nAmabhyAm.h nAmabhyaH nAmnaH nAmnoH nAmnAm.h nAmni /nAmani nAmnoH nAmasu nAman.h /nAma nAmnI /nAmanI nAmAni } %End of \obeylines ## There are variants in this class too. We give a sample charman.h (skin) ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces charma charmaNI charmANi charma charmaNI charmANi charmaNA charmabhyAm.h charmabhiH charmaNe charmabhyAm.h charmabhyaH charmaNaH charmabhyAm.h charmabhyaH charmaNaH charmaNoH charmaNAm.h charmaNi charmaNoH charmasu charman.h /charma charmaNI charmANi } %End of \obeylines ## \addline \bigskip Masuline (or feminine) words ending with s.h , chandramas.h (moon), sumanas.h(good minded person), purodhas.h(priest)............ ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces chandramAH chandramasau chandramasaH chandramasam.h chandramasau chandramasaH chandramasA chandramobhyAm.h chandramobhiH chandramase chandramobhyAm.h chandramobhyaH chandramasaH chandramobhyAm.h chandramobhyaH chandramasaH chandramasoH chandramasAm.h chandramasi chandramasoH chandramassu chandramaH chandramasau chandramasaH } %End of \obeylines ## \addline \bigskip Neuter words ending in s.h, payas.h( milk), manas.h (mind), tapas.h... Only the nom./acc./voc. forms are different and they are: ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces payaH payasI payAMsi } %End of \obeylines ## \addline \bigskip Masculine (or feminine) words ending ``ch.h'' : vAch.h (speech), tvach.h (skin, bark), ruch.h (lustre)..... ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces vAk.h vAchau vAchaH vAcham.h vAchau vAchaH vAchA vAgbhyAm.h vAgbhiH vAche vAgbhyAm.h vAgbhyaH vAchaH vAgbhyAm.h vAgbhyaH vAchaH vAchoH vAchAm.h vAchi vAchoH vAkShu vAk.h vAchau vAchaH } %End of \obeylines ## Words ending in chh.h are declined similarly. \addline \bigskip Masculine words ending in ``in.h'' : shashin.h (moon), medhAvin.h(intellegent) etc. Note that these must be distinguished from the n.h ends using the meaning of the word. ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces shashI shashinau shashinaH shashinam.h shashinau shashinaH shashinA shashibhyAm.h shashibhiH shashine shashibhyAm.h shashibhyaH shashinaH shashibhyAm.h shashibhyaH shashinaH shashinoH shashinAm.h shashini shashinoH shashishhu shashin.h shashinau shashinaH } %End of \obeylines ## The feminine forms of words ending in in.h get a new ending I instead and hence behave like nadI. \addline \bigskip Neuter words ending in ``in.h'' : manohArin.h (adjective, beautiful), tejasvin.h (brilliant) etc. These differ from the masculine version in nom./acc./voc. by the following changed forms: ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces manohAri manohAriNI manohArINi } %End of \obeylines ## \addline \bigskip Pronoun ``tad.h'' : (He, She, That) Masculine forms (He) : ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces saH tau te tam.h tau tAn.h tena tAbhyAm.h taiH tasmai tAbhyAm.h tebhyaH tasmAt.h tAbhyAm.h tebhyaH tasya tayoH teshhAm.h tasmin.h tayoH teshhu } %End of \obeylines ## \addline \bigskip There is no vocative case for the pronouns. Feminine Forms (She) ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces sA te tAH tAm.h te tAH tayA tAbhyAm.h tAbhiH tasyai tAbhyAm.h tAbhyaH tasyAH tAbhyAm.h tAbhyaH tasyAH tayoH tAsAm.h tasyAm.h tayoH tAsu } %End of \obeylines ## \addline \bigskip Neuter forms (That) have only the nom./acc. cases different from the masculine form and each of these is: ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces tat.h te tAni } %End of \obeylines ## \addline \bigskip Pronoun ``etad.h'' (this) Masculine Forms : ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces eshhaH etau ete etam.h /enam.h etau /enau etAn.h /enAn.h etena /enena etAbhyAm.h etaiH etasmai etAbhyAm.h etebhyaH etasmAt.h etAbhyAm.h etebhyaH etasya etayoH /enayoH eteshhAm.h etasmin.h etayoH /enayoH eteshhu } %End of \obeylines ## The alternate forms of the pronouns are said to be enclitic, meaning they need to lean against other words. Thus, they cannot occur at the start of a sentence. This remark holds for other pronouns too. \addline \bigskip Feminine forms : ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces eshhA ete etAH etAm.h /enAm.h ete /ene etAH /enAH etayA /enayA etAbhyAm.h etAbhiH etasyai etAbhyAm.h etAbhyaH etasyAH etAbhyAm.h etAbhyaH etasyAH etayoH /enayoH etAsAm.h etasyAm.h etayoH /enayoH etAsu } %End of \obeylines ## \addline \bigskip Neuter forms: ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces etat.h ete etAni etat.h /enat.h ete /ene etAni /enAni } %End of \obeylines ## The rest of the form are identical to those of the masculine pronoun etad.h \addline \bigskip Pronoun asmad.h(I) ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces aham.h AvAm.h vayam.h mAm.h /mA AvAm.h /nau asmAn.h /naH mayA AvAbhyAm.h asmAbhiH mahyam.h /me AvAbhyAm.h /nau asmabhyam.h /naH mat.h AvAbhyAm.h asmat.h mama /me AvayoH /nau asmAkam.h /naH mayi AvayoH asmAsu } %End of \obeylines ## \addline \bigskip asmad.h has identical forms in all the three genders Pronoun yushmad.h (You) ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces tvam.h yuvAm.h yUyam.h tvAm.h /tvA yuvAm.h /vAm.h yushhmAn.h /vaH tvayA yuvAbhyAm.h yushhmAbhiH tubhyam.h /te yuvAbhyAm.h /vAm.h yushhmabhyam.h /vaH tvat.h yuvAbhyAm.h yushhmat.h tava /te yuvayoH /vAm.h yushhmAkam.h /vaH tvayi yuvayoH yushhmAsu } %End of \obeylines ## yushhmad.h also has identical forms in all the three genders. \addline \bigskip Pronoun bhavat.h (You) Masculine form bhavAn.h ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces bhavAn.h bhavantau bhavantaH bhavantam.h bhavantau bhavataH bhavatA bhavadbhyAm.h bhavadbhiH bhavatE bhavadbhyAm.h bhavadbhyaH bhavataH bhavadbhyAm.h bhavadbhyaH bhavataH bhavatOH bhavatAm.h bhavati bhavatOH bhavatsu bhavan bhavantau bhavantaH } %End of \obeylines ## \addline \bigskip Pronoun bhavat.h (You) Feminine form bhavatI ## {\obeylines \obeyspaces bhavatI bhavatyau bhavatyaH bhavatIm.h bhavatyau bhavatIH bhavatyA bhavatIbhyAm.h bhavatIbhiH bhavatyai bhavatIbhyAm.h bhavatIbhyaH bhavatyAH bhavatIbhyAm.h bhavatIbhyaH bhavatyAH bhavatyOH bhavatInAm.h bhavatyAm.h bhavatyOH bhavatIShu bhavati bhavatyau bhavatyaH } %End of \obeylines ## \addline \bigskip This is the end of the phase one related to Sanskrit grammer. Lot more needs to be done. If you are interested in volunteering for other phases of this project or others such as Sanskrit-English dictionary please send an email to sanskrit@cherful.com. Utilities are under development which will make automatic generation of these paradigms using a computer program called qdatr. For more information and current status, please consult the Sanskrit Goodies section on the web site http://www.ms.uky.edu/~sohum If you wish to join in this development (which will some day do the verbs too), please send e-mail to sohum@ms.uky.edu (Avinash Sathaye). \bigskip ## #endindian \end{document} % ---- % send Sanskrit texts, hindi/marathi/bengali/gujarathi songs, % corrections, etc to Avinash Chopde (avinash@acm.org) % ----