\engtitle{.. noun ..}## \itxtitle{.. shabdavibhaktIrUpANi ..}##\endtitles ## shabdavibhaktiirUpANi ##-## ## Noun and Pronouns in Sanskrit Contributors Kedar S . Naphade, Narhari Acharya, Dhruba ChakravartiEmail addresses, ksn2@lehigh.edu, ACHARB@msuvx2##-##memphis.edu, dhruba@nfinity.nfinity.com Introduction Please see the accompanying document A Primer to Sanskrit Grammar, grammarintro.itx/.ps for additional introduction . If you are interested in volunteering for other phases of this project or others such as Sanskrit-English dictionary, please send an email to ksn2@lehigh.edu.: This document is a word-form list . Given any sanskrit word, the reader should be able to derive its forms with the aid of this document . In sanskrit, barring some rare exceptions, all words with the same gender and ending syllable have identical forms . Hence if you want to know the forms of any word all you have to do is to locate in this document a word with the same gender and the same syllable as its ending syllable. What are forms ? In Sanskrit, the exact form in which any word appears in a sentence is governed by the role the word plays in it . This role is called a vibhakti . An explanation of vibhakti-s and their meanings is provided in the following table. Explanation of the different vibhaktis : [h] .l .l .l .l .l . ## vibhaktii ## vibhaktii Form Meaning 1 ## prathamA ## prathamA Nominative performer/subject 2 ## dvitIyA ## dvitIyA Accusative object 3 ## tR^itIyA ## tR^itIyA Instrumental instrument, by with, through 4 ## chaturthI ## chaturthI Dative for, to whom the action is performed 5 ## pa.nchamI ## pa.nchamI Ablative from, than whom the action is performed 6 ## shhashhThI ## shhashhThI Possesive not a strict vibhakti, denoted possesion, of, among 7 ## saptamI ## saptamI Locative location of the action, in, on, at, among 8 ## sambodhanaM ## sambodhanaM Denominative address, Oh, Ye The following table gives a list of the combinations of different syllabic endings and genders(masculine : m, feminine : f, neuter : n) that exist in sanskrit. Word ending possible genders ## a ## m, n ## A ## f ## i ## m, f, n ## I ## f ## u ## m, f, n ## U ## f ## an.h ## m ## in.h ## m, n ## R^i ## m, f, n ## at.h ## m, f, n Hence we have a total of 20 basic classes of words . There are several exceptions . e.g . the word bhavat.h and the word marut.h though both end in at.hand are masculine, are declined slightly differntly . Such exceptions shall be noted at the appropriate places in this document . There are also other words ending in d.h, dh.h, k.h and so on, which we choose not to include in this grammar, as it is intended to be a rudimentary toolkit and not a comprehensive grammar. What follows is a list of words; one each from each of the above classes. Every word is tabulated as an 8x3 table . The eight rows correspond to the eight vibhaktis in the table at the beginning of this document . The three coloumns correspond to single dual and plural number forms. Continued ..... ##shabdavibhaktii pratyaya ##-## ## Nouns and Verbs Masculine words ending in ``a'' : deva(god), sUrya(sun), dIpaka(lamp) ... ## devaH devau devAH devaM devau devAn.h devena devAbhyAM devaiH devAya devebhyAM devebhyaH devAt.h devebhyAM devebhyaH devasya devayoH devAnAM deve devayoH deveshhu deva devau devAH ## The ##n## to ##N## change : If there is any one of ##r##,## shh##,## R^i##,## R^I ##\ in the word before the ##n## and if the sounds between the consonant above and the ##n## are from among the following : vowels, nasals, guttarals, labials or ##h## then the ##n## will change to ##N##. e.g . for word ``rAma(##rAma##)'' the instrumental singular is rAmeNa(##rAmeNa##) and genetive plural is rAmANAM(##rAmANAM##) since the above rule applies. Neuter words ending in ``a'' : vana(forest), jala(water), gR\^iha(house)... ## vanaM vane vanAni vanaM vane vanAni vanena vanAbhyAM vanaiH vanAya vanebhyAM vanebhyaH vanAt.h vanebhyAM vanebhyaH vanasya vanayoH vanAnAM vane vanayoH vaneshhu vana vane vanAni ## Feminine words ending in ``aa'' : maalaa (garland), kavitA (poem), kathA(story). .. ## maalA maale maalAH maalAM maale maalAH maalayA maalaabhyAM maalaabhiH maalaayai maalaabhyAM maalaabhyaH maalaayaaH maalaabhyaaM maalaabhyaH maalaayaaH maalayoH maalaanaaM maalaayaaM maalayoH maalaasu maale maale maalaaH ## Masculine words ending in ``i'' : kavi(poet), ravi(sun) ... ## kaviH kavI kavayaH kavim kavI kavIn kavinA kavibhyAm kavibhiH kavaye kavibhyAm kavibhyaH kaveH kavibhyAm kavibhyaH kaveH kavayoH kavInam kavau kavayoH kavishhu kave kavI kavayaH ## Feminine words ending in ``i'' : mati(intelligence), shruti (hearing) ... ## matiH matI matayaH matim matI matIH matyA matibhyAm matibhiH matyai / mataye matibhyAm matibhyaH matyAH / mateH matibhyAm matibhyaH matyAH / mateH matyoH matInAm matyAm/matau matyoH matishhu mate matI matayaH ## neuter words ending in ``i'' : vAri (water) ... ## vAri vAriNI vArINi vari vAriNI vArINi variNA varibhyAm vAribhiH vAriNe vAribhyAm vAribhyaH vAriNah vAribhyAm vAribhyaH vAriNah vAriNoH vArINAm vAriNi vAriNoH vArishhu vAre / vAri vAriNI vArINi ## Feminine words ending in ``I'' : nadI (river), lakshmI (goddess of wealth) ... ## nadI nadyau nadyaH nadIm nadyau nadIH nadyA nadIbhyAm nadIbhiH nadyai nadIbhyAm nadIbhyaH nadyAh nadIbhyAm nadIbhyaH nadyAh nadyoH nadInAm nadyAm nadyoH nadIshhu nadi nadyau nadyaH ## Masculine words ending in u : bhAnu(sun), pashu(animal), taru(tree), hetu(cause) .. ## bhAnuH bhAnU bhAnavaH bhAnum.h bhAnU bhAnUn.h bhAnunA bhAnubhyAM bhAnubhiH bhAnave bhAnubhyAM bhAnubhyaH bhAnunaH bhAnubhyAM bhAnubhyaH bhAnoH bhAnvoH bhAnUnAM bhAnau bhAnvoH bhAnushhu bhAno bhAnU bhAnavaH ## Feminine words ending in “ : dhenu (cow), rajju (rope), tanu (body)..... ## dhenuH dhenU dhenavaH dhenuM dhenU dhenUH dhenvA dhenubhyAM dhenubhiH dhenvai / dhenave dhenubhyAM dhenubhyaH dhenvAH / dhenoH dhenubhyAM dhenubhyaH dhenvAH / dhenoH dhenvoH dhenUnAM dhenvAM / dhenau dhenvoH dhenushhu dheno dhenU dhenavaH ## Neuter words ending in “u”, ambu (wer), madhu (honey), vastu (thing)....... ## ambu ambunI ambUni ambu ambunI ambUni ambunA ambubhyAM ambubhiH ambune ambubhyAM ambubhyaH ambunaH ambubhyAM ambubhyaH ambunaH ambunoH ambUnAM ambuni ambunoH ambushhu ambo / ambu ambunI ambUni ## Feminine words ending in “U”, vadhU (bride), chamU (army)....... ## vadhUH vadhvau vadhvaH vadhUM vadhvau vadhUH vadhvA vadhUbhyAM vadhUbhiH vadhve vadhUbhyAM vadhUbhyaH vadhvAH vadhUbhyAM vadhUbhyah vadhvAH vadhvoH vadhUnAM vadhvAM vadhvoH vadhUshhu vadhu vadhvau vadhvaH ## Pronoun ``tad.h'' : (He, She, That) Masculine forms (He) : ## saH tau te .taM tau tAn.h tena tAbhyAM taiH tasmai tAbhyAM tebhyaH tasmAt.h tAbhyAM tebhyaH tasya tayoH teshhAM tasmin.h tayoH teshhu ## There is no vocative case for these pronouns Feminine Forms (She) ## sA te tAH tAM te tAH tayA tAbhyAM tAbhiH tasyai tAbhyAM tAbhyaH tasyAH tAbhyAM tAbhyaH tasyAH tayoH tAsAM tasyAM tayoH tAsu ## Neuter forms (That) ## tat.h te tAni tat.h te tAni ## The rest of the forms are identical to those of the masculine form.,”tad.h” Pronoun ``etad.h'' (this) Masculine Forms : ## eshhaH etau ete etaM / enaM etau / enaU etAn.h / enAn.h etena / enena etAbhyAM etaiH etasmai etAbhyAM etebhyaH etasmAt.h etAbhyAM etebhyaH etasya etayoH / enayoH eteshhAM etasmin.h etayoH / enayoH eteshhu ## Feminine forms : ## eshhA ete etAH etAM / enAM ete / ene etAH / enAH etayA / enayA etAbhyAM etAbhiH etasyai etAbhyAM etAbhyaH etasyAH etAbhyAM etAbhyaH etsyAH etayoH / enayoH etAsAM etasyAM etayoH / enayoH etAsu ## Neuter forms ## etat.h ete etAni etat.h / enat.h ete / ene etAni / enAni ## The rest of the form are identical to th ose of the masculine pronoun etad.h Pronoun asmad.h(I) ## ahaM AvAM vayaM mAM / mA AvAM / nau asmAn.h / naH mayA AvAbhyAM asmAbhiH mahyaM / me AvAbhyAM / nau asmabhyam / naH mat.h AvAbhyAM asmat.h mama / me AvayoH / nau asmAkaM / naH mayi AvayoH asmAsu ## asmad.h has identical forms in all the three genders Pronoun yushmad.h (You) ## tvaM yuvAM yUyaM tvAM / tvA yuv AM / vAM yushhmAn.h / vaH tvayA yuvAbhyAM yushhmAbhiH tubhyaM / te yuvAbhyAM / vAM yushhmabhyaM / vaH tvat.h yuvAbhyAM yushhmat.h tava / te yuvayoH / vAM yushhmAkaM / vaH tvayi yuvayoH yushhmAsu ## yushhmad.h also has identical forms in all the three genders. Masculine words ending in ``R\^i'' : pitR\^i (father) ## pitA pitarau pitaraH pitaraM pitarau pitR^In pitrA pitR^ibhyAM pitR^ibhiH pitre pitR^ibhyAM pitR^ibhyaH pituH pitR^ibhyAM pitR^ibhyaH pituH pitroH pitR^iNAM pitari pitroH pitR^ishhu pitaH pitarau pitaraH ## Feminine words ending in ``R\^i'' : mAtR\^i (mother) ## mAtA mAtarau mAtaraH mAtaraM mAtarau mAtR^IH mAtrA mAtR^ibhyAM mAtR^ibhiH mAtre mAtR^ibhyAM mAtR^ibhyaH mAtuH mAtR^ibhyAM mAtR^ibhyaH mAtuH mAtroH mAtR^INAM mAtari mAtroH mAtR^ishhu mAtaH mAtarau mAtaraH ## Masculine noun ending in ``t.h'' : marut.h (wind), bhUbhR\^it.h (king), ## marut.h marutau marutaH marutaM marutau marutaH marutA marudbhyAM marudbhiH marute marudbhyAM marudbhyaH marutaH marudbhyAM marudbhyaH marutaH marutoH marutAM maruti marutoH marutsu marut.h marutau marutaH ## Feminine noun ending in ``t.h'' : vidyut.h(lightning), sarit.h (river)... All forms are similar to those of marut.h Neuter noun ending in ``t.h'' : jagat.h (world), bhAsvat.h(shining).. ## jagat.h jagatI jaga.nti jagat.h jagatI jaga.nti ## The forms for tR\^itIyA through saptamI cases are like marut.h The vocative (saMbodhana prathamA) has the following form ## jagat.h jagatI jaga.nti ## Masculine noun ending in ``n.h'' : Atman (soul) ## AtmA AtmAnau AtmAnaH AtmAnaM AtmAnau AtmanaH AtmanA AtmabhyAM AtmabhiH Atmane AtmabhyAM AtmabhyaH AtmanaH AtmabhyAM AtmabhyaH AtmanaH AtmanoH AtmanAM Atmani AtmanoH Atmasu Atman.h AtmAnau AtmAnaH ## Feminine noun ending in ``n.h'' : sIman.h (border) ## sImA sImAnau sImAnaH sImAnaM sImAnau sImnaH sImnA sImabhyAM sImabhiH sImne sImabhyAM sImabhyaH sImnaH sImabhyAM sImabhyaH sImnaH sImnoH sImnAM sImAni/sImni sImnoH sImasu sImAn.h sImAnau sImAnaH ## Neuter noun ending in ``n.h'' : nAman (name) ## nAma nAmni##,## nAmani nAmAni nAma nAmni##,## nAmani nAmAni nAmnA nAmabhyAM nAmabhiH nAmne nAmabhyAM nAmabhyaH nAmnaH nAmabhyAM nAmabhyaH nAmnaH nAmnoH nAmnAM nAmni##,## nAmani nAmnoH nAmasu nAman##,## nAma nAmni##,## nAmani nAmAni ## Masculine nouns ending in ``n.h'' : rAjan.h (king) ## rAjA rAjAnau rAjAnaH rAjAnam.h rAjAnau rAGYaH rAGYA rAjabhyAM rAjabhiH rAGYe rAjabhyAM rAjabhyaH rAGYaH rAjabhyAM rAjabhyaH rAGYaH rAGYoH rAGYAm.h rAGYi##,## rAjani rAGYoH rAjasu rAjan.h rAjAnau rAjAnaH ## Masuline words ending with “s.h”, chandramas.h (mo), sumanas.h(good minded person), purodhas.h(priest)............ ## chandramAH chandramasau chandramasaH chandramasaM chandramasau chandramasaH chandramasA chandramobhyAM chandramobhiH chandramase chandramobhyAM chandramobhyaH chandramasaH chandramobhyAM chandramobhyaH chandramasaH chandramasoH chandramasAM chandramasi chandramasoH chandramassu chandramaH chandramasau chandramasaH ## Neuter words ending in “s.h”, payas.h( milk), manas.h (mind), tapas.h ......... ## payaH payasI payAMsi payaH payasI payAMsi ## The remaining cases tritIya through saptamI are like those of chandramas.h, and for the vocative case: ## payaH payasI payAMsi ## Feminine words ending ``ch.h'' : vAch.h (speech), tvach.h (skin, bark), ruch.h (lustre)..... ## vAk.h vAchau vAchaH vAchaM vAchau vAchaH vAchA vAgbhyAM vAgbhiH vAche vAgbhyAM vAgbhyaH vAchaH vAgbhyAM vAgbhyaH vAchaH vAchoH vAchAM vAchi vAchoH vAkshu vAk.h vAchau vAchaH ## Masculine words ending in ``in.h'' : shashin.h (moon), medhAvin.h(intellegent)et c. ## shashI shashinau shashinaH shashinaM shashinau shashinaH shashinA shashibhyAM shashibhiH shashine shashinbhyAM shashibhyaH shashinaH shashibhyAM shashibhyaH shashinaH shashinoH shashinAM shashinin shashinoH shashishhu shashin.h shashinau shashinaH ## Neuter words ending in ``in.h'' : manohArin.h (adjective, beautiful), tejasvin.h (brilliant) etc. ## manohAri manohAriNI manohArINi manohAri manohAriNI manohArINi ## The instrumental - locative forms are identical to those of shashin.h The vocative (sambodhan) forms : ## manohArin.h / manohAri manohAriNI manohArINi ## This is the end of the phase one related to Sanskrit grammer . Lot more needs to be done. If you are interested in volunteering for other phases of this project or others such as Sanskrit-English dictionary please send an email to ksn2@lehigh.edu. ## ##