Jiiva (the individual soul)The
Jiiva is defined in
Panchadas’i 4.11 thus:- The substratum or the pure consciousness, the
subtle body, and the reflection of pure consciousness in the subtle body
together constitute the jiiva.
Panchadas’i
3.41—Brahman when looked upon as associated with the five sheaths (kos’as)
is known as the jiiva, just
as a man is called a father or a grandfather in relation to his son or
grandson. Verse 42 says—As a man is neither a father nor a grandfather
when considered apart from his son or grandson, so Brahman is neither iis’vara
nor jiiva when not considered
as associated with maayaa or
the five sheaths. MaaNDuukya
Kaarikaa 1.16--- When the jiiva who
is sleeping under the influence of beginningless maaya is awakened, he realizes the birthless, sleepless, dreamless,
non-dual (Brahman). The waking and dream states are both considered to
be only dream, because, in both states the Reality is not known and only
what is unreal is experienced and is looked upon wrongly as real. In
sleep there is ignorance of the Reality, though there is no projection
of what is unreal. Both dream and deep sleep in this sense are absent in
Brahman. So it is said that Brahman is dreamless and sleepless. By
saying that Brahman is birthless it is implied that it does not undergo
any of the changes which everything in this world is subject to. When
the jiiva becomes free from
nescience or maayaa, he ceases
to be a jiiva and realizes his
real nature as Brahman. Br.up.2.5.15.S.B.—puurvamapi
brahmaiva sat----sarvaH saH sarvam abhavat. Even
before realization one was always Brahman, but through ignorance one
considered oneself different from Brahman; one has always been all, but
through ignorance one considered oneself otherwise. By getting rid of
this ignorance through the knowledge of Brahman, the knower of Brahman,
who has always been Brahman, is said to have ‘become’ Brahman.
Having always been all, he is said to have ‘become’ all. The idea is
that every individual, even when he considers himself as a
transmigrating entity, is really Brahman alone. He has only to realize
this truth. Bondage being not real, but only the result of ignorance of
this truth, it can be removed only by the knowledge of the truth. If a
thorn has actually pierced the skin of a person, the pain caused can be
removed only by the action of removing the thorn. But if one’s
suffering is due to having mistaken a rope for a snake, that suffering
can be removed only by the knowledge that there is only a rope and not a
snake and not by any action. So also, bondage, which is only due to
wrongly considering oneself as the body, mind and organs, can be
eradicated only by the realization that one is the Self which is beyond
all suffering. jiiva
and
saakshii--difference
When
the self is looked upon as qualified by the internal organ, that is to
say, when the self and the internal organ are considered as inseparable,
the self is called jiiva. So
the jiiva is described as antaHkaraNa-vis’ishTa-chaitanyam.
The jiiva is therefore
looked upon as an agent and enjoyer, by attributing the qualities of the
internal organ to it. When
the internal organ is considered as merely an adjunct (upaadhi) of the self, the self is known as saakshii or witness. In such a concept, the agency and enjoyment as
well as the various changes of the internal organ do not at all affect
the self, which is a mere witness to them. The self is, in this case,
known as saakshii or antaHkaraNa- upahita- chaitanyam or the self with the internal organ
as the up
aadhi. Both these terms apply only in the empirical stage, when there is nescience. The self becomes a seer only when it is qualified by the internal organ. It becomes a witness only in the presence of the internal organ. By itself, the self is neither a seer, hearer, etc, nor a witness. B.S.2.3.17.S.B—It is pointed out here that the jiiva has no birth or death. The s’ruti clearly denies birth to the jiiva –“Unborn, eternal” (kaTha. 1.2.18). “This great birthless self” (Br.up.4.4.25). It is Brahman, the one without a second, that enters the intellect and appears as the jiiva. The taitt.up.2.6 says—“Having created it, Brahman entered into it”. B.S.2.3.18.S.B.—The
Vais’eshikas say that consciousness is not the very nature of the jiiva,
because it is not found to be conscious in deep sleep. This is refuted
by this suutra by saying that it is Brahman itself that, being limited by
the body-mind complex, appears as the jiiva.
Therefore consciousness is its very nature and is not destroyed even
in sleep. B.S.2.3.29.S.B.—This
suutra refutes the view that
the jiiva is atomic. Since the
jiiva is none other than the
supreme Brahman, it is also infinite. B.S.2.3.40.S.B.---
The Nyaaya view that agency of the jiiva
is real is refuted here and it is said that agency is only
superimposed on the jiiva. The
s’ruti says—“This aatmaa
is unattached” (Br.up.4.3.15). All scriptural injunctions are with
reference to the conditioned aspect of the self which is due to
nescience. In its essential nature the jiiva
is actionless, but appears to act only because of association with
the upaadhi in the form of the body-mind complex. B.S.2.3.43.S.B.—Here
it is clarified that the statements in the scriptures describing the jiiva
as a spark from a fire mean only that it is identical with Brahman
and not a part of Brahman in the literal sense, since Brahman cannot
have any parts. B.S.2.3.46.S.B.—Though
the jiiva is described as a part of Brahman or God, God does not
experience pleasure and pain like the jiiva,
who, on account of ignorance of his real nature, attributes to
himself the joys and sorrows of the body and mind. If the jiiva
realizes that he is different from the body and mind, he will also
have no suffering. God is beyond the control of maayaa
or nescience and does not identify Himself with the bodies. He does
not therefore experience any suffering. This point has been dealt with
in the Bhaashya on B.G. 13.2 also, in a very elaborate manner. B.S.2.3.49.S,B.--- It may be argued that if the same Brahman dwells in all bodies, everyone may have to experience the results of the actions of everyone else. This suutra dispels this doubt. A particular jiiva is connected only with a particular body-mind complex and so the jiivas are different from one another(as jiivas). B.S.2.3.50.S.B.—The jiiva is only a reflection of Brahman in the internal organ (mind). The reflections in different minds are different, like the reflections of the sun in different vessels of water. Therefore, just as the trembling of a particular reflection of the sun cannot cause any disturbance to the other reflections, so also the experiences or the karma of any particular jiiva cannot affect other jiivas. iis’vara’s
creation and jiiva’s
creation In Panchadas’i-4.17to 4.40 a distinction is made between God’s creation and creation by the individual souls. Though all objects in the world are created by God, their enjoyment and the reaction of each individual towards a particular object depend on his karma and the vaasanas in his mind. A gem, which is a creation of God, may produce different reactions in different persons. One man may feel happy on having got the gem, while another man is unhappy because he has not been able to get it. Another person may not be interested at all in the gem and so may not feel either joy or sorrow on seeing it.(Verses20 and 21). The Jiiva creates these three feelings of happiness, disappointment and indifference with regard to the gem, but the nature of the gem as created by God remains the same. Verse 31 says that every object has two aspects, the material and the mental. The material aspect always remains the same, but the mental aspect varies according to the mental make-up of the person who sees it. Moreover, though God has created all objects, the extent to which each individual is able to get them is dependent on his karma. It is therefore said in verse 19 that for the actual enjoyment of objects it is the modifications or functions of the mind of the jiiva that are responsible. An example is given in verses 34 and 35 to show that the cause of a man’s bondage and suffering is his own mental world. When a man was told by someone that his son who was in a far-off place was dead, he began to cry, though the news was not true. But even if the son had actually died, but he had not received the news, he would have felt no grief. In a dream, even though no objects are actually present, a person feels joy and sorrow, but in deep sleep, no joy or sorrow is felt, even if there are objects around (verse 33). Verse 42 says that the world of duality created by God is rather a help than an obstacle to the realization of non-duality. It is the creation of the jiiva that is the cause of suffering. By controlling the mind one can ultimately attain realization of the non-dual Brahman (verse 64). Different theories about the nature of jiiva and iis’vara Among Advaitins there are three different theories on this point. These are described in Vichaara saagara, ch.6, para 449 onwards. 1.
aabhaasavaada
(Semblance theory)—This is the vaada
or theory adopted in Panchadas’i. According to this, the jiiva is an aabhaasa or
semblance of Brahman in the internal organ which is an effect of avidyaa.
This reflection or semblance is mithyaa
or illusory. In B.S.2.3.50.S.B it is said--
The jiiva is an aabhaasa or semblance of the supreme Self, like the semblance of the
sun in water. The jiiva is not
the Self itself, nor is it something different. In
the Bhaashya on Ch.up.6.3.2 S’rii S’ankara
says that the jiiva is an aabhaasa
or semblance of the supreme Being.
2.
pratibimbavaada (Reflection theory)—This is the theory
adopted by the author of VivaraNa, Prakaas’aatma Muni. According to
this, jiiva is the reflection
of iis’vara who is the bimba or the original in avidyaa.
iis’vara, according to this theory, is Brahman or pure
consciousness itself. Omniscience, etc, are not His natural qualities.
But in relation to jiiva who
has limited knowledge, power, etc, the qualities of being a bimba,
iis’vara, etc, are
superimposed. In
this theory, the reflection, jiiva,
is not mithyaa, but real.
This theory is expressed in Amr.tabindu upanishad,12— The
one Self appears as different in different beings. It appears as one and
as many, like (the reflection of) the moon in water. See also
B.S.3.2.18.S.B. 3.
avachchhedavaada (Limitation
theory)—This is the view of the author of Bhaamatii, Vaachaspati
Mis’ra. In this theory the jiiva
is a delimitation of consciousness by the internal organ, while iis’vara is not so limited. This theory is employed by GauDapaada
and S’ankara
in MaaNDuukya Kaarikaa, 3.3 to 7. It is said in the Bhaashya on 3.3:-
The Self is subtle, partless and all-pervasive like space. The Self is
spoken of as existing in the form of jiivas in the same way as space is referred to as existing in the
form of spaces circumscribed by pots. The idea implied is that the
emergence of jiivas from the
supreme Self is comparable to the emergence of the spaces in different
pots from the same all-pervading space.
Trees also have consciousness Ch.up.6.11.2.S.B—vr.kshasya rasasravaNa----- That a tree is also a jiiva is indicated by such signs as exudation and drying up of sap. From the illustration in the S’ruti that non-moving beings also have consciousness, the view of the Buddhists and the Vais’eshikas that these have no consciousness is proved to be wrong. Back to contents
|